*4A*
1. One of the differences between political parties and pressure groups is that political parties aim at winning elections and controlling government while pressure groups aim at pursuing the interest of their members and influencing government policies to the benefits of their members but do not attempt to control government machinery directly by contesting elections.
2. Political parties submit candidates that contest
elections while pressure groups do not
3. While good political parties are organised to
reach everybody in the society, pressure groups are not
4. Membership of political parties are more
embracing an that of pressure groups.
5. While political parties have wide range of policies and interests, pressure groups' policies and interests are restricted.
(5)
(i) Environment:
The environment of a local government plays a crucial role in determining its performance. Local government council operates within two basic environments- rural and urban.
Urban environment often has favorable influence on the performance of local governments while the reverse is the case with the rural. This positive influence is due to the fact that environment influences to a large extent, the revenue generation potential of a local government.
(ii) Narrow revenue base:
The inability to generate enough revenue internally is one of the major factors that militate against the effective performance of local governments. Local government has become increasingly dependent on statutory allocation for their revenue.
In addition to the established internal revenue sources such as rate, licenses, fees etc. A local government that hopes to have a high service delivery capability must exploit other new sources of revenue. They should engage more seriously on commercial activities such as transportation, buying and selling in bulk and intensive animal rearing.
(iii)Shortage of skilled manpower:
Local governments still lack the needed officials especially at the middle and senior level in their key operational and financial departments. It is a common knowledge that the effectiveness of any organization depends to large extent, on the caliber of staffs.
Local government service commission which is charged with assisting local government in recruiting senior personnel should be more alert to its responsibilities. As much as possible, recruitment into the local government should be based on merit.
(iv) Instability:
Nigeria as a state is characterized by instability, and local government being part of the system is not unaffected. The frequent changes of government at the federal level; as a matter of necessity, culminate in change of the local government administration. A very debilitating effect of those changes is the discontinuity it generate both among the functionaries and in the functions performed.
5iii
*PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION SYSTEM* : This system is used to elect
representatives in multi-member constituencies. This system is used to secure representation in the legislature in such a way that each group or political party gets seats in proportion to the percentage of votes cast in favour of a group or political party, the more the percentage of votes cast in favour of a group or political party, the more the seats that will be allocated to it. The system provides representation for all interest groups in a given community. Proportional representation has two forms viz: The single transferable vote or the quota system and the multi-member party list.
(i) The Single Transferable Vote: This system that has some resemblance with the alternative vote system allocates quota to candidates contesting election. Each voter is expected to number the candidates in order of his preference; when the votes are counted, any candidate that exceeds his required quota, the remaining votes will not be wasted but transferred to another candidate following him. This will continue until the number of candidates allocated to the constituency have been elected.
(ii) Multi-Member List System: This is a system in which voters vote for parties rather than candidates. Parties prepare lists in order in which they want their candidates to be elected and these names are printed in that order on the ballot papers. With each having its own ballot paper and a voter therefore selects the ballot paper of a party he wishes to vote for and vote for that party. Seats are allocated to parties based on the total number of votes secured.
6B
1. *Provision And Maintenance Of Markets* : One of the functions of the local government authorities is the construction or provision and maintenance of markets in their areas of jurisdiction.
2. *Collection Of Taxes And Rates* : Local government authorities collect taxes and rates at their locality like direct and indirect taxes, market stall rates, etc.
3. *Construction And Maintenance Of Roads* : It is the function of the local government authorities to construct and maintain the feeder roads, streets, drains, etc. in their localities.
4. Issuance Of Licenlicensesal government issues licences for bicycles, dogs, vehicles, hawkers, television, roads, etc.
5. Construction And Maintenance Of Motor
Parks: It is the function of local governments to
construct and maintain motor parks in their
localities.
Post a Comment