OBJECTIVE
THEORY
SOLUTIONS
(1) The study of government helps us to know what is going on in our country and around the world.
(2) It helps us to know the successes and failures of our past leaders.
(3) It prepares us to take part in the governance of our country.
(4) It enables us to differentiate between good and bad government.
(5) It enables us to know our rights, duties and obligations as citizens.
(6) It puts the citizens in a position to defend their rights when violated.
(7) It helps to inculcate the spirit of nationalism and patriotism in the citizens.
(8) It enables people to understand the system of government adopted in country.
(9) It helps us to find solutions to our political problem/challenges.
(10) it provides career opportunities for those who studied it.
(11) It widens the citizens‘ political horizon.
(12) It improves the relationship between the ruler and the ruled.
(2)
(i)Public Ownership;
A socialist economy is characterised by public ownership of the means of production and distribution. There is collective ownership whereby all mines, farms, factories, financial institutions are owned, controlled, and regulated by government departments and state corporations.
(ii) Central Planning;
A socialist economy is centrally planned and functions under the direction of a central planning authority. It lays down the various objectives and targets to be achieved during the plan period.
(iii) Definite Objectives;
A socialist economy operates within definite socio-economic objectives. These objectives may concern aggregate demand, full employment, the satisfaction of communal demand, allocation of factors of production, distribution of the national income, the amount of capital accumulation, economic development and so forth.
(iv) Freedom of Consumption;
Under socialism, consumers’ sovereignty implies that production in state-owned industries is generally governed by the preferences of consumers, and the available commodities are distributed to the consumers at fixed prices through state-run department stores.
(v) Equality of Income Distribution;
In a socialist economy, there is great equality of income distribution as compared with a free market economy. The elimination of private ownership in the means of production, private capital accumulation, and profit motive under socialism prevent the amassing of large wealth in the hands of a few rich persons.
(7)
(i) They advice the Government officials on matters that concern the customs and traditions of the people, etc.
(ii) As a custodian of the people’s customs and traditions, they help to preserve the customs and traditions of the people.
(iii) They mobilize people in their community to participate in government at various levels.
(iv) They help to maintain law and order in their communities. They try and punish law offenders and settle disputes etc.
(v) They mobilize their people to engage in community development projects as they act as a link between their community and government by explaining government policies, programs, and projects to the people and report back the feelings of the people, their problems to the government.
(8)
1. *Geographical Location*
There are two aspects of the influence of geography on foreign policy – the geographical environment of the state and the political importance of its geographical location. The state’s geographical environment refers to its size, area, and climate.
The ideal geographical environments of the state are:
The size of the state will be such that it will help the residents to maintain a decent living standard.
The climate needs to be favorable to hard labor.
Terrain needs to be supportive of national resistance. Mountains, Rivers, sea-borne countries enjoy the advantage of being free from foreign invasions for natural reasons.
The shape of the state needs to be such that one can easily fast during the war period.
In nature, it is not possible to achieve the favorable geographical environment of a country. The geographical location of each country is particularly influenced by its foreign policy. Its insular position in Great Britain helps spread connectivity with other countries. Again the United States has succeeded in pursuing a policy of separation from Europe for its geographical location.
2. *Population*
The population is considered one of the important determinants of foreign policy. For a long time, the population has been regarded as an important criterion for measuring state power. In the past war, the massive infantry of the People’s Republic of China helped to resist the US forces.
The relation between population and foreign policy gains importance in terms of the capability of a state. The importance of the population to determine the policies of solidarity among all parts of the citizens, the development of political organizations, the quality of the public, the promotion of political consciousness, the spread of the political participation, the pressure of public opinion, the type of government etc.
However, its quality is particularly important with respect to population size. Citizens’ skills, abilities, and quality money help to spread national influence.
3. *History*
Each nation’s history is influenced by its foreign policy. The outline of the history of each nation is formed through the special circumstances of the chips and events. It is possible to identify its identity.
The geographical boundaries of each nation are determined through the constraints of historical events. Through the history of the development of a nation, many basic features of foreign policy are developed. In light of historical experience, each nation forms the basis of its foreign policy.
4. *Economic Resources*
The nature and style of foreign policy is largely determined by economic resources. The economic strength of a state is an indicator of its affordability. The effect of that ability is reflected in relations with other states.
The main objective of the economic structure is to utilize the country’s land, labor, capital and enterprises for production. Distribution of economic wealth produced, consumption, public welfare, improvement of living standard of the citizens etc. are also included in the economic activities of the state.
A country rich in natural resources can easily achieve its economic prosperity. For example, mineral oil has become one of the most important political hubs of Middle East international politics.
Natural resources and industrial development are the basis of the international status of a country. In the present world, each country’s resistance depends on the rate of industrialization and natural resources.
5. *Ideology*
Each state-system is governed by specific political ideologies. The values, policies, programs, objectives, and goals of a state are governed by that ideology. Ideology does not simply determine the internal policies and values of a state; is governed by foreign policy and those ideologies. So it can be considered one of the most important determinants of foreign policy.
For example, socialist states are convinced of the principles of international peace, friendship, mutual cooperation, refusal to interfere in the internal affairs of other states, etc.
In the end, capitalism maintains its existence through exploitation and oppression of home and abroad. It is for this reason that capitalist countries follow aggressive policies in economic, political, and cultural fields.
6. *Efficiency of Government and Nature of Political Leadership
Government leaders are the main source and strength of foreign policy*.
The role of the state at any given time and the type of foreign policy to be followed depends on the quality of the decision makers.
On the basis of practical experience, it can be said that foreign policy cannot be separated from the nature of government leadership under any circumstances.
Foreign policy decisions are bound to be influenced by the leadership of the government, including psychological structure, political experience and foresight, personality, realization of world-politics. For this reason, it is possible to notice differences in political issues between leaders of the same political party.
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