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Civic-Obj
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Completed
Theory
1. (a) Five values of civic education are:
1. Democratic participation: Civic education promotes the value of active participation in democratic processes such as voting, engaging in public debates, and joining community organizations. It emphasizes the importance of citizens' voices being heard and their active involvement in decision-making.
2. Respect for diversity: Civic education fosters an appreciation for diverse cultures, religions, and perspectives. It encourages respect for individual and group differences, promoting inclusivity and tolerance in society.
3. Social justice: Civic education instills a sense of fairness and equality. It teaches about human rights, social responsibilities, and the need to address injustices. It empowers individuals to stand up against discrimination, inequality, and oppression.
4. Ethical behavior: Civic education emphasizes the importance of ethical conduct and responsible citizenship. It promotes honesty, integrity, empathy, and accountability in personal and public life.
5. Critical thinking: Civic education cultivates critical thinking skills, enabling individuals to analyze and evaluate information, make informed decisions, and participate actively in public discourse. It encourages citizens to question, research, and seek multiple perspectives on societal issues.
(b) Citizenship education contributes to nation-building in the following ways:
1. Nationhood and identity: Citizenship education helps individuals develop a sense of national identity, fostering a shared understanding of values, history, and cultural heritage. It strengthens the bond between citizens and their nation, promoting unity and social cohesion.
2. Active citizenship: Civic education empowers individuals to actively participate in civic life, including community development projects, volunteer work, and public service. It encourages citizens to take ownership of their communities and contribute to their improvement.
3. Democratic governance: Citizenship education promotes an understanding of democratic principles, processes, and institutions. It equips individuals with knowledge about their rights and responsibilities as citizens, preparing them to engage in democratic decision-making and hold elected representatives accountable.
4. Social responsibility: Civic education instills a sense of social responsibility, emphasizing the importance of contributing positively to society. It encourages citizens to be aware of societal issues, such as poverty, inequality, and environmental challenges, and motivates them to work towards their resolution.
5. Peaceful coexistence: Citizenship education promotes respect, understanding, and dialogue among individuals from different backgrounds. It equips citizens with skills to resolve conflicts peacefully, fostering social harmony and reducing tensions within the nation.
2. (a) Three factors that determine the legitimacy of a constituted authority in society are:
1. Legal framework: The authority's legitimacy is determined by its conformity to the legal and constitutional framework of the country. If the authority derives its power from a legitimate source, such as a constitution or established laws, it enhances its legitimacy in the eyes of the society.
2. Consent of the governed: The consent and acceptance of the governed play a crucial role in determining the legitimacy of an authority. When people willingly recognize and support the authority, considering it a legitimate representative of their interests, its legitimacy is strengthened.
3. Performance and effectiveness: The legitimacy of an authority can be influenced by its ability to effectively address societal needs, provide public services, and maintain law and order. If the authority is perceived as competent and responsive, it gains greater legitimacy in the eyes of the society.
(b) Six factors that facilitate citizens' obedience to constituted authority in Nigeria are:
1. Trust in leadership: When citizens trust their leaders and have confidence in their ability to govern and make decisions in the best interest of the nation, they are more likely to obey constituted authority.
2. Shared values and norms: When there is a common understanding and acceptance of societal values and norms, citizens are more inclined to adhere to constituted authority that upholds and enforces those values and norms.
3. Effective communication: When authorities effectively communicate their policies, decisions, and intentions to the public
Number 5
(5a) Three major ways by which HIV/AIDS can be contracted are:
1. Sexual Transmission: HIV can be transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person. This includes vaginal, anal, and oral sex. The virus can enter the body through cuts or sores in the genital area, as well as through mucous membranes in the rectum, vagina, penis, and mouth.
2. Blood Contact: HIV can be contracted through direct contact with infected blood. This can occur through sharing needles or syringes contaminated with HIV-infected blood, such as in intravenous drug use. It can also happen through blood transfusions with infected blood (though this is rare in countries with effective blood screening programs).
3. Mother-to-Child Transmission: HIV can be transmitted from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. This is called vertical transmission. However, the risk of transmission can be significantly reduced with appropriate medical interventions, such as antiretroviral therapy (ART) for the mother and certain precautions during childbirth.
(5b) Three reasons why the eradication of HIV/AIDS is still problematic in Nigeria are:
1. Stigma and Discrimination: HIV/AIDS is still associated with stigma and discrimination in many societies, including Nigeria. This stigma can prevent people from seeking testing, treatment, and support services, leading to a further spread of the virus.
2. Limited Access to Healthcare and Resources: Many parts of Nigeria, especially rural areas, face challenges in terms of healthcare infrastructure, resources, and access to HIV prevention and treatment services.
3. Socioeconomic Factors: Poverty, illiteracy, and gender inequality contribute to the persistence of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria. These factors can limit access to education and awareness about HIV prevention, as well as hinder economic opportunities and healthcare access, particularly for vulnerable populations
6(a) Six consequences of cultism in society are:
1. Violence and Crime: Cultism is often associated with violence, intimidation, and criminal activities. Cult groups engage in various forms of violence, including physical assault, extortion, kidnapping, and even murder. This not only poses a threat to the safety and security of individuals but also disrupts societal harmony.
2. Social Disruption: Cultism can disrupt social order and cohesion within communities. It creates fear and tension among residents, leading to a breakdown of trust and cooperation. Cult activities can also disrupt academic environments, as they often target schools and campuses.
3. Loss of Lives and Potential: Cult-related violence and conflicts result in the loss of lives and potential. Young people who become involved in cultism may lose their lives prematurely or face imprisonment, denying them the opportunity to contribute positively to society.
4. Drug Abuse and Addiction: Cult groups are known to engage in drug abuse and trafficking. The lure of power and protection associated with cultism often leads members to indulge in substance abuse. This not only poses health risks to individuals but also fuels the drug trade, contributing to societal problems.
5. Recruitment of Youth: Cult groups often target vulnerable youth who may be seeking a sense of belonging, protection, or social identity. The recruitment of young people into cults can disrupt their education, values, and aspirations, trapping them in a cycle of violence and criminal activities.
6. Economic Implications: Cult activities can have negative economic consequences for communities. Businesses may suffer due to extortion and intimidation by cult members, and investment and development projects may be discouraged in areas where cultism is prevalent.
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