(4)
(i) Rock pedestal: A rock pedestal, also known as a pedestal rock or a rock column, forms through the process of differential weathering. It occurs when softer rock surrounding a harder rock erodes more quickly due to various weathering agents such as wind, water, and temperature changes. The softer rock around the harder rock erodes away, leaving a column or pedestal-like structure.
(ii) Stack: A stack is a geological landform that develops from the erosion of coastal cliffs. Initially, a sea cave forms through the relentless action of waves against a cliff, gradually enlarging and deepening the cave. As the cave extends through the headland, the roof eventually collapses due to erosion, leaving behind a vertical column of rock isolated from the cliff, which is known as a stack. Stacks are typically found in coastal areas where erosion by waves is prevalent.
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